More than 3 million people are employed in US nursing and residential care facilities, where the average wage for non-supervisory employees is about $14 per hour. According to the latest survey by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of work-related injuries and illnesses, the injury-incident rate in 2010 for workers employed in nursing homes was 8.6 per 100 full-time employees (FTEs), more than twice the rate for all private sector workers. When people think of dangerous jobs, I’m sure many think of coal miners or construction workers—not nursing aides at nursing homes.
The overall injury-incident rate of 8.6 per 100 FTEs for nursing home employees compares, for example, to rates of 5.6 for workers in underground coal mines, 4.8 for workers in tire manufacturing, and 3.5 for building construction. The situation is no better when you look at the incidence rates for more serious injuries, specifically those that result in days away from work, restricted-duty or transfer to a different job (DART rate). The lost-time/ restricted duty injury case rate for nursing home workers is 5.6 per 100 FTEs, compared to 3.7, 3.3 and 1.7 for these same sub-industries, respectively.
For the industries as a whole, the DART rate in the entire construction sector is 2.1 per 100 FTEs, and 2.4 in both manufacturing and health care and social assistance. Although the rates in these industries is comparable, federal OSHA conducts very few inspections in the health care and social assistance industry.
In 2010, 11.4 million workers were employed in manufacturing jobs and another 5.7 million in construction jobs. OSHA conducted nearly 78 percent of its inspections at workplaces in these industries. In contrast, the health care and social assistance industry employed more than 16 million U.S. workers. Federal OSHA conducted less than 2 percent of its inspections in these workplaces.
The injury rates for nursing home employees, which are predominantly women, are stratified in the BLS data by those facilities operated by state and local governments, and those controlled by private employers. Either way, and no matter whether one is interested in all injuries, or just those resulting in days away from work, restricted duty, or job transfer (DART rates) nursing home workers top the list for the highest rates.
In the news release announcing the BLS data, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis said,
“We remain concerned that more workers are injured in the health care and social assistance industry sector than in any other, … [and] The Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) will continue to work with employers, workers and unions in this industry to reduce these risks.”
What the Labor Secretary failed to say was whether inspection resources would be directed to this problem.
The Admininstration has tremendous discretion in deciding where to focus OSHA’s inspection resources. The OSH Act does not mandate a particular number of inspections or dictate which industries warrant special attention. Those decisions have evolved over time and special programs have been developed to identify high-hazard workplaces for inspection.
Just last month, OSHA made public one of its annual plans to program inspections, called site-specific targeting (SST). After collecting data from 80,000 worksites, the agency identifies sites with above-average injury rates and randomly selects hundreds of workplaces from the list for inspection.
Since at least 2001, this program has acknowledged the substantially higher rate of injuries among nursing home workers, and includes these workplaces on its list of high-hazard sites. What’s particularly telling is the trigger for making the inspection list. Manufacturing plants on the targeting list, for example, aren’t selected for a possible inspection unless their DART rate is 7.0 per 100 FTEs or greater. Nursing homes in contrast, have to have a DART rate of 16 per 100 FTEs or greater to “make the cut” for a possible inspection. As OSHA notes in its document, there are just too many nursing homes in its survey with very high injury rates. The agency limits the maximum number selected to 300. Last year, federal OSHA conducted 175 inspections in nursing homes in response to this targeting program. That’s about 0.6 percent of all inspections conducted in 2010.
It’s clear from the BLS data that too many nursing home workers are injured on the job. More attention by OSHA is warranted, especially enforcement measures that compel nursing home operators to address hazards related to lifting of patients. If OSHA can’t make it happen, maybe the producers of CBS’s Undercover Boss will challenge a few nursing home CEOs to walk in the shoes of their employees. It might be the quickest way to improve working conditions in some of these sites.
